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学术声音丨王向荣：从山水之城到公园之城

发布时间：2021-08-12

从山水之城到公园之城

From Landscape City to Park City

经过数十年的考古发掘，人们对中国史前最大城邑之一的良渚古城的结构及城外环境有了比较准确的判断。这座存在于距今4300~5300年前的古城具有完整的支撑农业生产和古城生活的水利系统。那时的良渚人在古城西部及北部的山间和山脚地带兴建了一系列堤坝，用以削减山体的季节性洪峰并储水利用。蓄水湖泊又与古城的环城河和城内河道等水系和设施共同构建了维护城市安全运转的水调节系统，这项水利工程既是良渚人能够安居并持续繁衍的基本保障，也使得良渚成为一座名副其实的山水之城，不知道那时的良渚人是否能够欣赏城外优美的湖光山色风景。

在漫长的中国城市发展史中，良渚古城的山水基因一直延续下来，并被不断发扬光大。这是因为中国是一个多山国家，复杂的地形地貌又孕育出众多的江河湖泽，城市建造或选址于山前，或选址于自然的江河附近。任何一座城市之所以能够产生、延续并发展，先决条件是要有完善的生产和生活支撑系统，如同良渚古城一样。所以无论城市选址何处，都会在山与城之间、河与城之间建设陂塘、运河及沟渠等水利设施，或汇聚山岭之水，或引江河之水，灌溉滋养广阔的田园；水穿城或绕城而过，为城市提供蓄水、供水、排水、水运等功能。这一系统也促进了城内外风景的互相渗透以及城市与周围自然山水的融合。可以说中国历史上的每一座城市都是山水之城，山水是中国人对城市环境的基本认知，也是古人对城市品质评价的标准。

以今天的标准来看，大多数古代城市的市政基础设施还非常简陋，建筑密度也很大，但是城市中并不缺少室外活动空间，因为城市中住宅的基本类型都是合院式建筑，院子就是家庭室外生活的场所，而街道更是城市中最方便和最有效的公共空间，人们可以在街道上逛街、购物、会友、聊天、休息、表演、观演、举办各种节庆活动，就如同宋画《清明上河图》中所呈现的生活场景。另外，古代城市往往规模不大，城外的山间水畔由于总会有寺观、书院、山庄以及登高望远的楼阁兴建，都会成为具有一定公共开放性的园林和风景名胜，成为市民游赏玩耍的公共园林空间。所以在古代城市中，居家的周边就有室外生活的条件，城市内外的公共空间更是多种多样。

今天，中国已经从以农业人口为主的国家转变为以城市人口为主的国家，随着城市化的快速发展，城市规模不断扩大，人口急剧增加。在城市的扩张中，许多由丘陵、田野、湖泽、滩涂和森林构成的山水系统被侵占，城市也随之减弱了与自然山水之间的完整联系。现代城市的复杂性远远超过了古代城市，由于曾经贯穿城市内外完整的环境支撑体系逐步破碎，已无法支撑城市发展新的生态要求，而新的生态基础设施又没有建立起来，所以城市的生态系统愈发脆弱，环境面临巨大的压力。

另外，在现代城市中，原有的低层高密度的合院式住宅被尺度更大的多层和高层住宅建筑取代，曾经作为家庭户外活动空间的院子对绝大多数市民来说早已是一种奢望。由于交通和出行方式的改变，生活友好型街巷越来越少，绝大多数城市道路成为机动车交通的通道，失去了作为城市公共空间的机会。快速城镇化过程在一定程度上都缺乏对城市公共空间的关注，城市在整体上失去了亲切宜人的空间尺度和人性化的环境，失去了邻里亲情及丰富多样的户外城市生活。

如今，中国的发展进入了转型时期，面对中国曾经的山水城市的成就以及快速城市化过程中城市出现的生态环境和生活品质的问题，“公园城市” 的提出开启了新时代中国城市发展新的篇章，也为未来中国城市高质量建设指明了方向。

公园城市是城市健康和可持续发展的基础。这样的城市要保护和维护好区域的山水结构，建立起完整的城市及区域的生态网络，将其作为生态基础设施以应对人居环境的复杂问题，重新构筑人工环境与自然的和谐与平衡，使城市成为具有强大生态韧性的健康城市。

公园城市也是富有特色、充满文化底蕴和诗情画意的风景城市。像山水城市一样，公园城市的城内外风景互相渗透，城市与周围自然山水相互呼应。完整的生态网络将由于建造各种市政基础设施而被隔离分割的城市重新连接和缝合起来，使得城市既具有活力又充满自然气息。

公园城市更是健康方便、舒适宜人、公平共享的城市。贯穿城市内外的生态网络同时也构筑了城市的公共空间体系，这一体系渗透到城市的各个角落，具有公共性和开放性以及方便的可达性，满足全类型、全龄化的民众多层次和多样化需求，让大众能够轻松享受新鲜的空气和灿烂的阳光，进行令人愉悦的户外活动和开展丰富多彩的都市生活。

从山水之城到公园之城，不变的是对自然的敬畏与尊重，改变的是人的生活和时代的文化。公园城市是在传承中国人5000年生活理想的基础上，对城市做出的新的定义。

After decades of archaeological excavations, people have a relatively accurate judgment on the structure and environment of Liangzhu Ancient City, one of the largest prehistoric cities in China. This ancient city, which existed 4,300-5,300 years ago, had a complete water conservancy system that supports agricultural production and life in the ancient city. At that time, Liangzhu people built a series of dams in the mountains and foot areas of the western and northern parts of the ancient city to reduce the seasonal peaks of water in the mountains and store water for use. The impounding lake and the water system and facilities such as the ancient city's surrounding river and rivers in the city built a water regulation system to maintain the safe operation of the city. This water conservancy project was not only the basic guarantee for Liangzhu people to live and continue to thrive, but also made Liangzhu a veritable landscape city. I wonder if Liangzhu people at that time could appreciate the beautiful lakes and mountains outside the city.

In the long history of China's urban development, the landscape genes of Liangzhu Ancient City have been inherited and carried forward. This is because China is a mountainous country, and its complex topography has bred numerous rivers and lakes. Cities have been built or located in front of mountains or near natural rivers. The prerequisite for the production, continuation and development of any city is to have a complete production and living support system, just like Liangzhu Ancient City. Therefore, no matter where the city is located, water conservancy facilities such as ponds, canals and ditches will be built between mountains and cities, between rivers and cities, to gather water from mountains or rivers to irrigate and nourish vast fields; rivers pass through or go around the city to provide the city with functions of water storage, water supply, drainage, and water transportation. This system also promotes the mutual penetration of the sceneries inside and outside the city and the integration of the city and the surrounding natural landscape. It can be said that every city in Chinese history is a landscape city, and landscape is the Chinese people's basic cognition of the urban environment, and it is also the standard for the ancients to evaluate the city's quality.

According to today’s standards, the municipal infrastructures of most ancient cities were very simple and crude, and the building density was also very high. However, there was no shortage of outdoor activity space in the city, because the basic types of residential buildings in the city were courtyard-style buildings and they were the places where the families lived outdoors, and the streets were the most convenient and effective public space in the city. People could go shopping, meet friends, chat, rest, perform, watch performances, and hold various festivals on the streets, just like the life scenes presented in the Song painting "Riverside Scene at Qingming Festival". In addition, ancient cities were often small in scale. There were always temples, academies, mountain villas, and towers and pavilions built on the mountains and rivers outside the city, and they became gardens and scenic spots with a certain degree of public openness and became citizens' tourist attractions, the public garden space to enjoy and play. So in ancient cities, there were outdoor living conditions around the home, and the public spaces inside and outside the city were even more diverse.

Today, China has changed from a country dominated by an agricultural population to a country dominated by an urban population. With the rapid development of urbanization, the scale of cities has continued to expand and the population has increased dramatically. In the expansion of the city, many landscape systems consisting of hills, fields, lakes, tidal flats and forests have been invaded, and the city has also weakened the complete connection with the natural landscape. The complexity of modern cities far surpasses that of ancient cities. Due to the gradual fragmentation of the once complete environmental support system throughout the city, it has been unable to support the new ecological requirements of urban development, but the new ecological infrastructure has not been established, so the urban ecosystems are becoming more and more fragile, and the environment is facing tremendous pressure.

Moreover, in modern cities, the original low-rise, high-density courtyard-style houses have been replaced by larger-scale multi-storey and high-rise residential buildings. The courtyard once used as the family outdoor activity space has long been a kind of luxury for most citizens. Due to changes in traffic and travel modes, there are fewer and fewer life-friendly streets, and most urban roads have become passages for vehicle traffic and have lost the opportunity to serve as urban public spaces. In the process of rapid urbanization, there is a lack of attention to urban public space to a certain extent. The city as a whole has lost the cordial and pleasant spatial scale and humanized environment, and the affection of neighbors and the rich and diverse outdoor urban life.

Nowadays, China's development has entered a transitional period. In the face of China's previous achievements in landscape city and the problems of ecological environment and quality of life in cities during the rapid urbanization, the proposal of "Park City" has opened up a new chapter of the new era of Chinese urban development, and also pointed out the direction for the high-quality construction of Chinese cities in the future.

The Park City is the foundation of urban health and sustainable development. Such a city must protect and maintain the regional landscape structure, establish a complete urban and regional ecological network, use it as an ecological infrastructure to deal with the complex problems of the human settlement environment, and rebuild the harmony and balance between the artificial environment and nature, to make the city a healthy one with strong ecological resilience.

The Park City is also a scenic city full of characteristics, cultural heritage and poetry. Like the landscape city, the inner and outer landscapes of the Park City permeate each other, and the city and the surrounding natural mountains and rivers echo each other. A complete ecological network reconnects and stitches the city that has been isolated and divided due to the construction of various municipal infrastructures, making the city both vibrant and full of natural atmosphere.

The Park City is a healthy, convenient, comfortable, and fair sharing city. The ecological network that runs through the inside and outside of the city also builds the city's public space system. This system penetrates all corners of the city. It has publicity, openness and convenient accessibility, meeting the diversified needs of all types and ages of people at multiple levels, so that the public can easily enjoy fresh air and brilliant sunshine, engage in pleasant outdoor activities and develop colorful urban life.

From landscape city to Park City, what remains unchanged is the reverence and respect for nature, and what changes is people's lives and the culture of the times. Park City is the new definition of city based on the inheritance of the Chinese people's five-thousand-year ideal of life.

《中国园林》杂志主编：王向荣教授

Prof. Dr.-Ing. WANG Xiangrong

Chief Editor

文章来源：《中国园林》杂志

图文编辑：田卓煜

责任编辑：李昊霖

审核：李燕妮

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